blog - Kammasali (Lingayat Kammasali)

September 21, 2024March 9, 2025

Copilot on next Singapore, NY and SF in india

To determine which Indian cities might overtake Singapore’s economy, let’s first consider some key economic indicators from Singapore, New York, and San Francisco:

### Singapore
– **GDP**: Approximately $364.2 billion²
– **GDP per capita**: Around $65,000²
– **Key Sectors**: Finance, trade, manufacturing, and technology⁵

### New York City
– **GDP**: Approximately $1.5 trillion⁶
– **GDP per capita**: Around $76,607⁷
– **Key Sectors**: Finance, media, technology, and real estate⁶

### San Francisco
– **GDP**: Approximately $501 billion[^10^]
– **GDP per capita**: Around $119,000[^10^]
– **Key Sectors**: Technology, finance, and tourism¹¹

### Potential Indian Cities
Based on these indicators, here are some Indian cities that have the potential to match or overtake Singapore’s economy:

1. **Mumbai**: Often called the financial capital of India, Mumbai has a diverse economy with strong sectors in finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. The presence of the Bombay Stock Exchange and numerous multinational corporations boosts its economic profile⁶.

2. **Bangalore**: Known as the Silicon Valley of India, Bangalore is a major tech hub with a strong presence of IT companies and startups. The city’s innovation and technology sector contributes significantly to its economy⁶.

3. **Delhi**: As the capital city, Delhi has a diverse economy with strong sectors in services, manufacturing, and retail. Its strategic location and infrastructure make it a key economic center⁶.

4. **Hyderabad**: With a booming IT sector and a growing pharmaceutical industry, Hyderabad is rapidly emerging as an economic powerhouse. The city’s infrastructure and business-friendly policies attract significant investments⁶.

5. **Chennai**: Known for its automobile industry, Chennai also has strong sectors in IT, healthcare, and manufacturing. Its port facilitates significant trade, boosting the city’s economic profile⁶.

### Skyscrapers and Economic Growth
Skyscrapers are often seen as symbols of economic growth and urban development. While the number of skyscrapers alone doesn’t determine economic success, they can reflect a city’s economic health and attractiveness to businesses. Here are some factors to consider:

1. **Infrastructure Development**: Building skyscrapers requires significant investment in infrastructure, including transportation, utilities, and public services. Indian cities need to enhance their infrastructure to support high-rise buildings.

2. **Business Environment**: A favorable business environment, including ease of doing business, regulatory support, and access to capital, is crucial for attracting investments that lead to skyscraper construction.

3. **Real Estate Market**: A strong real estate market with demand for commercial and residential spaces can drive the construction of skyscrapers. Cities like Mumbai and Bangalore already have a growing number of high-rise buildings due to their robust real estate markets.

4. **Urban Planning**: Effective urban planning and zoning regulations are essential to accommodate skyscrapers without causing congestion and other urban issues.

### Estimating the Number of Skyscrapers
While it’s challenging to provide an exact number of skyscrapers needed, we can look at some benchmarks:

– **Singapore**: Has around 200 skyscrapers¹².
– **New York City**: Has over 300 skyscrapers¹³.
– **San Francisco**: Has around 50 skyscrapers¹⁴.

For Indian cities to match Singapore’s economic profile, they would likely need to develop a similar number of skyscrapers, focusing on creating business districts and commercial hubs that attract global companies.

Singapore’s economic growth over the past 20 years has been driven by several key areas and landmarks:

Marina Bay Sands: This iconic integrated resort, which includes a hotel, casino, and shopping mall, has significantly boosted tourism and hospitality sectors ¹.

Changi Airport: Consistently ranked among the best airports globally, Changi Airport has been a crucial hub for international travel and trade ².

Jurong Island: This industrial area has been central to Singapore’s petrochemical industry, contributing significantly to the manufacturing sector ³.

Biopolis and Fusionopolis: These research and development hubs have fostered innovation in biotechnology and information technology, attracting global companies and talent ⁴.

Gardens by the Bay: This nature park has not only enhanced the city’s green spaces but also boosted tourism and local recreation ¹.

Orchard Road: Known for its shopping and entertainment options, Orchard Road continues to be a major retail and commercial hub ².

Sentosa Island: Home to attractions like Universal Studios Singapore and luxury resorts, Sentosa has been a key player in the tourism industry ¹.

Singapore’s Central Business District (CBD): The CBD, including areas like Raffles Place and Marina Bay Financial Centre, remains the heart of Singapore’s financial and business activities ².

These places have collectively contributed to Singapore’s robust economic growth by enhancing tourism, trade, manufacturing, and innovation.

Over the past 20 years, several key places in New York City have significantly contributed to its economic growth:

Wall Street and the Financial District: Home to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq, this area remains the heart of global finance ¹.

Midtown Manhattan: This area, including Times Square and the Empire State Building, is a major commercial and tourist hub ¹.

Silicon Alley: The tech sector in areas like Flatiron District and Chelsea has grown rapidly, contributing to the city’s innovation and tech economy ².

Hudson Yards: This massive real estate development has added significant office, retail, and residential space, boosting the local economy ¹.

Central Park: Beyond being a green oasis, Central Park attracts millions of tourists annually, supporting the hospitality and retail sectors ¹.

Brooklyn Tech Triangle: Encompassing Downtown Brooklyn, DUMBO, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard, this area has become a hub for tech startups and innovation ³.

The World Trade Center Complex: Rebuilt after 9/11, it includes the One World Trade Center and has revitalized Lower Manhattan ¹.

The High Line: This elevated park has spurred real estate development and tourism in the surrounding areas ¹.

Over the past 20 years, several key places in San Francisco have significantly contributed to its economic growth:

Silicon Valley: Although not entirely within San Francisco, the tech industry centered around Silicon Valley has had a massive impact on the city’s economy, driving innovation and attracting global talent ¹.

Financial District: Home to numerous banks, corporate headquarters, and financial institutions, this area remains a cornerstone of San Francisco’s economy ².

South of Market (SoMa): This neighborhood has seen significant development, becoming a hub for tech companies, startups, and cultural institutions ³.

Mission Bay: This area has transformed into a major biotechnology and research hub, with institutions like UCSF Mission Bay driving growth ².

Union Square: Known for its shopping, hotels, and theaters, Union Square continues to be a major commercial and tourist destination ².

Fisherman’s Wharf: A popular tourist area, Fisherman’s Wharf contributes significantly to the hospitality and retail sectors ².

Golden Gate Park: Beyond being a recreational space, Golden Gate Park attracts millions of visitors annually, supporting local businesses and tourism ².

The Embarcadero: This waterfront area, including the Ferry Building, has been revitalized and is a key spot for commerce and tourism ².

August 18, 2024August 21, 2024

Semi-aquatic aquaculture: Crocodile Farming a review

Perhaps one of the least aquatic forms of aquaculture involves the farming of crocodiles, alligators and caimans. These animals are referred to as semi-aquatic, and their husbandry is in some ways more similar to livestock production than to fish or shellfish farming.

Crocodilians are raised for their hides and meat in sub-tropical regions

The reptiles collectively referred to as crocodilians (order: Crocodylia) are found naturally in tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. Altogether, there are some 27 species in three related families: the Crocodylidae, Alligatoridae and Gavialidae. It is believed that alligators and crocodiles diverged from a common ancestor some 80 to 100 million years ago, with the gavials splitting off sometime later. All crocodilid and aligatorid species are listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), but many are exported and imported throughout the world. Most are utilised for their leather products, but some are also raised for meat.

Farming and ranching efforts began for several crocodilian species in the 1950s in response to widespread declines in wild populations. Once the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was established in the mid-1970s, interest in farming and ranching crocodilians increased in many countries.

Humans began farming efforts for several crocodilian species to address declining wild populations.

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May 25, 2024September 21, 2024

Sixty Years of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan

In 2023 the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan celebrates its sixtieth anniversary.
A member of the group writes about its history,
introducing some of the luminaries who have guided it—and Japanese sci-fi as a whole—for more than a half-century.

Japanese Science Fiction and the SFWJ
Japanese science fiction is probably best known internationally for its many giant monster and robot films in the tradition of Godzilla, and for futuristic anime such as Tetsuwan Atomu (Astro Boy) and Akira. In fact, though, it represents a long and varied tradition, little known or understood in the West.

Ever since the 1960s, one organization has been central to the growth and development of SF in the Japanese archipelago: the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan (SFWJ). With the SFWJ celebrating its sixtieth anniversary this year, I trace the evolution of the association over more than half a century in this two-part series.

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May 25, 2024May 22, 2024

Coins : Financial Instruments, Market Bubbles and more

list of notable financial instruments with historic significance:

### Ancient Period

1. **Money/Coinage (circa 600 BCE)** – The use of coins as currency began in ancient Lydia (modern-day Turkey), facilitating trade and economic development.

### Medieval Period

2. **Bills of Exchange (8th century)** – Used by Islamic merchants, this instrument allowed the transfer of money over long distances without physically moving coins.

3. **Government Bonds (12th century)** – First issued by the medieval Italian city-states like Venice to fund wars and public projects.

### Early Modern Period

4. **Stocks and Shares (1602)** – The Dutch East India Company issued the first recorded shares, marking the beginning of modern stock markets.

5. **Promissory Notes (17th century)** – Emerged as a form of credit instrument, formalized in Europe and widely used in trade.

6. **Banknotes (1661)** – First issued by the Stockholm Banco in Sweden, these were a precursor to modern paper money.

### Modern Period

7. **Options (17th century)** – Early forms of options trading can be traced back to the tulip mania in the Netherlands.

8. **Mutual Funds (1774)** – The Dutch merchant Adriaan van Ketwich created the first pooled investment fund, precursor to modern mutual funds.

9. **Futures Contracts (19th century)** – Standardized contracts emerged in the United States, particularly in agricultural markets.

10. **Corporate Bonds (19th century)** – Became a prominent method for companies to raise capital.

11. **Commercial Paper (19th century)** – Unsecured promissory notes issued by companies for short-term funding needs.

### 20th Century to Present

12. **Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) (1970s)** – Pools of mortgages sold as investment products, significantly impacting the housing finance market.

13. **Credit Default Swaps (CDS) (1990s)** – Financial derivatives allowing lenders to hedge against the risk of default.

14. **Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) (1990s)** – Investment funds traded on stock exchanges, offering diversification and liquidity.

This timeline reflects the evolution of financial instruments from ancient times to the present, highlighting key developments that have shaped global financial systems.

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May 11, 2024May 12, 2024

Gemini AI — Who gave India Indepedence ?

Iterative Game Theory Model: India’s Independence and World War II

This model focuses on the strategic interactions between key figures during India’s independence movement and World War II. It’s an iterative game, meaning each player can adjust their strategy based on past interactions.

Players:

Bhagat Singh (Indian revolutionary)
Mahatma Gandhi (Leader of Indian independence movement)
Jawaharlal Nehru (Leader of Indian independence movement)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Leader of Muslim League)
Subhas Chandra Bose (Indian nationalist)
Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (US President)
Joseph Stalin (Soviet leader)
Adolf Hitler (German leader)

Strategies:

Cooperation: Work towards a peaceful resolution for India’s independence.
Defiance: Resist British rule through various means (armed struggle, non-violent protests, political pressure)
Appeasement: Accommodate the demands of other players (Britain, Axis powers)

Payoff Matrix (This is a simplified example. The actual payoffs would be more nuanced):

	Cooperation	Defiance	Appeasement
Singh	Increased support for revolution	Repression, arrest	Limited British concessions
Gandhi	Progress towards self-rule	Increased repression, setbacks	Token concessions
Nehru	Faster path to independence	Imprisonment, delay in independence	Some influence within British framework
Jinnah	Secure Muslim rights	Uncertain future for Muslims	Separate Muslim state (Pakistan)
Bose	Faster independence (potentially violent)	Exile, failure of revolution	Limited role in British India
Churchill	Maintain British control of India	Weakened British Empire	India gains some autonomy
Roosevelt	Maintain British support in war	Potential loss of India as an ally	India remains neutral
Stalin	Communist influence in India	Uncertain post-war India	Limited communist support
Hitler	Secure resources from India	Disruption of British war effort	India remains under British control (potentially aiding Axis)

Iterations:

Early Game: Players focus on their immediate goals. Singh and Bose engage in defiance, Gandhi in cooperation. Britain uses appeasement with Jinnah to weaken the independence movement.
Mid-Game (WWII): War creates new dynamics. Britain seeks cooperation from India for war effort. Roosevelt and Stalin offer conditional support for independence in exchange for aid. Hitler seeks to disrupt British control through appeasement of Bose.
Late Game (Post-War): The war weakens Britain’s resolve. Gandhi and Nehru’s cooperation and continued pressure lead to negotiations. Jinnah’s demands for a separate state become a major factor.

Possible Outcomes:

Dominion Status: India gains independence within the British Commonwealth (cooperation wins for Gandhi and Nehru)
Partition and Independence: India is divided, but both India and Pakistan gain independence (mixed outcome, Jinnah achieves his goal)
Violent Revolution: Defiance leads to a prolonged and bloody struggle (negative outcome for most players)

Limitations:

This model simplifies complex historical events and motivations.
The payoffs are subjective and depend on individual goals.
It doesn’t account for the role of the Indian masses and other international players.

Further Considerations:

The internal dynamics within the Indian independence movement.
The changing nature of British policy towards India.
The impact of international events like the Cold War.

This model provides a framework to analyze the strategic interactions between these historical figures during a crucial period in Indian and world history.

MODEL 2 ======================================== DRAFT 2

Enhanced

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