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Semi-aquatic aquaculture: Crocodile Farming a review

Perhaps one of the least aquatic forms of aquaculture involves the farming of crocodiles, alligators and caimans. These animals are referred to as semi-aquatic, and their husbandry is in some ways more similar to livestock production than to fish or shellfish farming.

crocodile exhibiting territorial behaviour

Crocodilians are raised for their hides and meat in sub-tropical regions

The reptiles collectively referred to as crocodilians (order: Crocodylia) are found naturally in tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. Altogether, there are some 27 species in three related families: the Crocodylidae, Alligatoridae and Gavialidae. It is believed that alligators and crocodiles diverged from a common ancestor some 80 to 100 million years ago, with the gavials splitting off sometime later. All crocodilid and aligatorid species are listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), but many are exported and imported throughout the world. Most are utilised for their leather products, but some are also raised for meat.

Farming and ranching efforts began for several crocodilian species in the 1950s in response to widespread declines in wild populations. Once the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was established in the mid-1970s, interest in farming and ranching crocodilians increased in many countries.

Group of saltwater crocodiles in an enclosure

Humans began farming efforts for several crocodilian species to address declining wild populations.

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Sixty Years of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan

In 2023 the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan celebrates its sixtieth anniversary.
A member of the group writes about its history,
introducing some of the luminaries who have guided it—and Japanese sci-fi as a whole—for more than a half-century.

Japanese Science Fiction and the SFWJ
Japanese science fiction is probably best known internationally for its many giant monster and robot films in the tradition of Godzilla, and for futuristic anime such as Tetsuwan Atomu (Astro Boy) and Akira. In fact, though, it represents a long and varied tradition, little known or understood in the West.

Ever since the 1960s, one organization has been central to the growth and development of SF in the Japanese archipelago: the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan (SFWJ). With the SFWJ celebrating its sixtieth anniversary this year, I trace the evolution of the association over more than half a century in this two-part series.

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Coins : Financial Instruments, Market Bubbles and more

list of notable financial instruments with historic significance:

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Gemini AI — Who gave India Indepedence ?

Iterative Game Theory Model: India’s Independence and World War II

This model focuses on the strategic interactions between key figures during India’s independence movement and World War II. It’s an iterative game, meaning each player can adjust their strategy based on past interactions.

Players:

  • Bhagat Singh (Indian revolutionary)
  • Mahatma Gandhi (Leader of Indian independence movement)
  • Jawaharlal Nehru (Leader of Indian independence movement)
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Leader of Muslim League)
  • Subhas Chandra Bose (Indian nationalist)
  • Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (US President)
  • Joseph Stalin (Soviet leader)
  • Adolf Hitler (German leader)

Strategies:

  • Cooperation: Work towards a peaceful resolution for India’s independence.
  • Defiance: Resist British rule through various means (armed struggle, non-violent protests, political pressure)
  • Appeasement: Accommodate the demands of other players (Britain, Axis powers)

Payoff Matrix (This is a simplified example. The actual payoffs would be more nuanced):

Cooperation Defiance Appeasement
Singh Increased support for revolution Repression, arrest Limited British concessions
Gandhi Progress towards self-rule Increased repression, setbacks Token concessions
Nehru Faster path to independence Imprisonment, delay in independence Some influence within British framework
Jinnah Secure Muslim rights Uncertain future for Muslims Separate Muslim state (Pakistan)
Bose Faster independence (potentially violent) Exile, failure of revolution Limited role in British India
Churchill Maintain British control of India Weakened British Empire India gains some autonomy
Roosevelt Maintain British support in war Potential loss of India as an ally India remains neutral
Stalin Communist influence in India Uncertain post-war India Limited communist support
Hitler Secure resources from India Disruption of British war effort India remains under British control (potentially aiding Axis)

Iterations:

  • Early Game: Players focus on their immediate goals. Singh and Bose engage in defiance, Gandhi in cooperation. Britain uses appeasement with Jinnah to weaken the independence movement.
  • Mid-Game (WWII): War creates new dynamics. Britain seeks cooperation from India for war effort. Roosevelt and Stalin offer conditional support for independence in exchange for aid. Hitler seeks to disrupt British control through appeasement of Bose.
  • Late Game (Post-War): The war weakens Britain’s resolve. Gandhi and Nehru’s cooperation and continued pressure lead to negotiations. Jinnah’s demands for a separate state become a major factor.

Possible Outcomes:

  • Dominion Status: India gains independence within the British Commonwealth (cooperation wins for Gandhi and Nehru)
  • Partition and Independence: India is divided, but both India and Pakistan gain independence (mixed outcome, Jinnah achieves his goal)
  • Violent Revolution: Defiance leads to a prolonged and bloody struggle (negative outcome for most players)

Limitations:

  • This model simplifies complex historical events and motivations.
  • The payoffs are subjective and depend on individual goals.
  • It doesn’t account for the role of the Indian masses and other international players.

Further Considerations:

  • The internal dynamics within the Indian independence movement.
  • The changing nature of British policy towards India.
  • The impact of international events like the Cold War.

This model provides a framework to analyze the strategic interactions between these historical figures during a crucial period in Indian and world history.

MODEL  2  ======================================== DRAFT 2

Enhanced

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Copilot AI Results : Indian freedom struggle: 5 player iterative game theory an abstract

Certainly! Let’s delve into an **iterative game theory model** that involves the interactions and strategies of historical figures during India’s struggle for independence and World War II. We’ll consider the actions of **Bhagat Singh**, **Mahatma Gandhi**, **Jawaharlal Nehru**, **Muhammad Ali Jinnah**, **Subhas Chandra Bose**, **Winston Churchill**, **Franklin D. Roosevelt**, **Joseph Stalin**, and **Adolf Hitler**. Each of these figures represents different ideologies, interests, and geopolitical contexts.

### The Players:
1. **Bhagat Singh**:
– **Role**: The revolutionary force advocating for direct action against British colonial rule.
– **Strategy**: Brute force and extremism.
– **Payoff Matrix**:
– Bhagat Singh: **6** (Higher payoff for freedom)
– British: **0** (Loss of control over a prime market)

2. **Mahatma Gandhi**:
– **Role**: The proponent of non-violence and civil disobedience.
– **Strategy**: Mass mobilization and moral persuasion.
– **Payoff Matrix**:
– Gandhi: **4** (Moral victory)
– British: **2** (Maintaining control with concessions)

3. **Jawaharlal Nehru**:
– **Role**: Charismatic leader and advocate for complete independence.
– **Strategy**: Assertive approach and socialist policies.
– **Payoff Matrix**:
– Nehru: **5** (Leadership in post-independence India)
– British: **1** (Gradual transition)

4. **Muhammad Ali Jinnah**:
– **Role**: Leader of the All India Muslim League, championing the demand for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan).
– **Strategy**: Strategic negotiation and separatism.
– **Payoff Matrix**:
– Jinnah: **3** (Founding Pakistan)
– British: **3** (Partition)

5. **Subhas Chandra Bose**:
– **Role**: Master strategist and advocate for aggressive action.
– **Strategy**: “Enemy’s enemy is a friend” (aligned with Axis powers during World War II).
– **Payoff Matrix**:
– Bose: **7** (INA’s legacy)
– British: **1** (Loss of control)

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